Barber, Felicia. “Gaining Perspective: a Linguistic Approach to Dialect Found in African American Spirituals.” Choral Journal vol.58, no.7 (February 2018): 25-33.

Bryan, Courtney. Personal email to author, August 26, 2021.

Burleigh, Harry T. Preface to “Negro Spirituals arranged for Solo Voice by H.T. Burleigh: Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child.” New York: G. Ricordi & Co. Inc., 1918.

Cunningham, Michael. Personal email to author, June 23, 2021.

Douglass, Frederick. My Bondage and My Freedom. New York: Miller, Orton, & Mulligan, 1855.

Douglass, Frederick. A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1846.

Du Bois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Dover, 1994 (originally 1903).

Dunn-Powell, Rosephanye. “The African-American Spiritual: Preparation and Performance Considerations.” Journal of Singing vol.61, issue 5 (May/June 2005): 469-475.

Dunn-Powell, Rosephanye. Zoom conversation with author and Tulane choir students, November 9, 2020.

Fisher, Miles Mark. Negro Slave Songs in the United States. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963.

Harris, Valerie. Personal email to author, October 12, 2021.

Hogan, Moses. Spirituals Workshop at The Louise S. McGehee School, c.1996.

Jackson, Joyce M. Personal email to author, July 1, 2021.

Johnson, James Weldon. Preface to The Books of American Negro Spirituals, Two Volumes in One. New York: Viking Press, 1969 (originally 1925 and 1926, respectively).

Jones, Arthur C. Wade in the Water: The Wisdom of the Spirituals. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1993.

Jones, Randye. So You Want to Sing Spirituals: A Guide to Performers. New York: Roman & Littlefield, 2019.

Joseph, Givonna. “Legacies of American Slavery: Music w/Givonna Joseph, Founder of Opera Creole [sic] (Full Length).” Accessed October 11, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?fbclid=IwAR07P_x2sbWjU92D4FBZsPLL7gsVZU_C0nGlLgUKV0XLjCYnX0-jLjZpbj4&v=bBtsGzIVeno&feature=youtu.be.

Martin, Lori M. Personal email to author, May 28, 2018.

Packwood, Gary. Personal email to author, October 12, 2021.

Plant, Lourin. Personal email to author, October 11, 2020.

Plant, Lourin. Personal email to author, October 12, 2020.

Plant, Lourin. “Singing African-American Spirituals: A Reflection on Racial Barriers in Classical Vocal Music.” Journal of Singing vol.61, issue 5 (May/June 2005): 451-468.

Proctor, Ray. Personal email to author, June 24, 2021.

Ravits, Sarah. “It’s 2021, but Louisiana Republicans Are Still Fighting Over Whether Slavery Is Evil.” nola.com, May 4, 2021. https://www.nola.com/gambit/news/the_latest/article_64ebee7a-ace8-11eb-a9cf-e32cef6bfaef.html.

Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans: A History, second edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1983.

Stephens, Emery, and Caroline Helton. “Diversifying the Playing Field: Solo Performance of African American Spirituals and Art Songs by Voice Students from All Racial Backgrounds.” Journal of Singing vol.70, issue 2 (November/December 2013): 165-171.

Stephens, Emery. Personal email to author, October 5, 2020.

Stone, Jeff. Personal email to author, October 25, 2020.

Stone, Jeff. “Refocusing the Legacy of Spirituals.” Choral Journal vol. 59, issue 9 (April 2019):42-47.

Taylor, Marshall W. Preface to A Collection of Revival Hymns and Plantation Melodies. Cincinnati: Marshall W. Taylor and W.C. Echols, 1882.

Thomas, André J. “Way Over in Beulah Lan’: Understanding and Performing the Negro Spiritual.” Choral Conductors Colloquium vol.II, episode III (June 30, 2021). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfPsrmqufmw

Thurman, Howard. Deep River and The Negro Speaks of Life and Death (both books published together). Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, 1990 (originally 1975).

Walker, William.  Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion, 1847 edition. Philadelphia: E.W. Miller., 1847. https://archive.org/details/southernharmonym00walk/page/196/mode/2up.

Walker, William.  Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion, 1847 edition. Philadelphia: E.W. Miller., https://archive.org/details/southernharmonym00walk/page/322/mode/2up.

Walker, William.  Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion, 1847 edition. Philadelphia: E.W. Miller., https://archive.org/details/southernharmonym00walk/page/18/mode/2up.

Work, John Wesley (II). The Folk Song of the American Negro. Nashville, TN: Fisk University Press, 1915.